开创职教先河 积累宝贵财富

杨世明

 
<p><font size="4">开创职教先河&nbsp;&nbsp; 积累宝贵财富</font></p>
<p><font size="4">——“利永陶工传习所”述评</font></p><br/>
<p><font size="4">紫砂企业的职业教育起于何时？</font></p>
<p><font size="4">现代紫砂书一般都认为“宜兴紫砂工艺厂”（简称一厂），是紫砂史上“第一家”实行企业办学的。这是以中华人民共和国成立作为标志来记史的。但作为中华民族的紫砂史，作为源远流长的中国文化史，紫砂行业的职业教育，并卓有成效培养出人才来说，是“民国初期”宜兴紫砂界创办的“利永陶工传习所”。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">从现有资料看，史俊棠主编的《宜兴紫砂陶》首先指出：传习所“首开紫砂艺徒工厂培训之先河”。现就看到的史料，作点力所能及的评述。</font></p><br/>
<p><font size="4">不同之中&nbsp; 也有相同</font></p>
<p><font size="4">我们在“利永陶工传习所为谁创办？”一文中提到“创办者”有三说：一说是“利用（利永）陶器股份公司”创办，一说是“江苏省立陶器工厂”兴办，一说是两家都曾办过“利永陶工传习所”。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">在这笔时间并不长的历史账，有几点却是很相似的，一是培训班名称“利永陶工传习所”，二是六位名家作老师，三是招收20名艺徒，及提到的主要学员名字，如冯桂林等，四是教学的基本状况。</font></p><br/>
<p><font size="4">特色鲜明&nbsp; 经验珍贵</font></p>
<p><font size="4">紫砂艺人自古是师授徒承，一师一徒或一师几徒，家族传承中甚至是传子不传女，远不是今天的企业办学、学校教育。“利永陶工传习所”实行多师教多人，和当代紫砂一厂的学员班教学很是相像。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">“传习所”虽是初创，但特点却很鲜明。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">其一聘请名家为师。名师出高徒是中国的传统观念，也是十分有价值的教育观。当时的名家俞国良、邵云儒、陈寿珍、范大生、江祖臣、范福奎均被“传习所”聘为教师。其中，邵云儒教授陶刻。从邵云儒开始，紫砂行业形成了专业的工种——刻字先生。作为工种“陶刻”师徒承袭，延续至今。陈寿珍、范大生等教授成型。从整个紫砂史来说，传习所聘请的“六老师”中不仅是当时的名家，有的也是紫砂史上的大家、大师、一代宗师。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">“六老师”诲人不倦的教育成就了许多紫砂名家，如“传习所”艺徒冯桂林、郭其林、束金寿、储铭（顾景舟师父）等等。正应了“名师出高徒”的古训。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">其二严格考试录取。不论什么都要考试，是中国文化的一个传统，至今依然。中国目前实行的学校招生制度，依然和西方的“宽进严出”不同，采取的还是带有传统印痕的“严于考试”的“严进宽出”。“利永传习所”也是如此。传习所招收的20名学员，是经过严格考试才得以入学。冯桂林就是以优异成绩考取的。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">其三严于教学督学。中国不仅有“棍棒下出孝子” 的传统，也有名师出高徒的古训。这种礼教到教学上就化为了“戒尺”管理，私熟先生的“戒尺”是中国古典的“棍棒哲学”的象征物。正在热播的电视剧“翡翠凤凰”，就有雕刻大师邝先生用“戒尺”狠狠抽打稳稳手心的镜头。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">作为借鉴西方学堂、企业办学方式的“利永陶工传习所”，也可以说是“企业学堂”，作为教学思想、方法，对中国传统精华，也自然是师法之、继承之，好在是传习所 “取其精华、去其糟粕”，只有严格教育，没有拳头棍棒。《中国紫砂》一书中评说：“其教学方式十分严格，经常举行考工比赛，促进学业。”《紫砂研究》中一篇研究冯桂林的文章说：“冯桂林学艺认真，所习制的壶、盆、瓶、鼎入格规范，在学员中名列前茅。传习所每次举行考工比赛，冯桂林总是摘得桂冠。”</font></p>
<p><font size="4">其四讲课结合拜师。“利永陶工传习所”不仅有面对面的公开课，手把手的传技艺，还让优秀生冯桂林拜范大生为师，给他进一步“开小灶”。 那时一般紫砂艺人都比较保守，不肯将拿手绝活轻易传人，但传习所的老师范大生却胸怀坦诚，倾心相授，把自己最成功的代表作品“合棱”、“合桃”、“合梅”等技艺毫无保留地传授给冯桂林。冯桂林也积极上进，虚心好学，苦练基本功，把范大生的传授的技艺学到手，为其后的创作生涯打下了坚实的基础。（见《紫砂研究》123页）</font></p><br/>
<p><font size="4">珍贵传统&nbsp;&nbsp; 亟待深研</font></p>
<p><font size="4">从现有史料看，“利永陶工传习所”仅办一期，但其唱出了紫砂近代教育的“第一声”，为企业办学积累了可贵的经验，也为紫砂艺术培养了一批人才，冯桂林是其代表人物。当代的职业教育有“紫砂一厂”，有“七辅导”；民国初期则有“利永陶工传习所”，有“六老师”。“ 利永陶工传习所”及六老师，和紫砂一厂的“七辅导”，其教学的指导思想、方式方法，也是可以看到其传承、发展的轨迹。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">但我们又不能不遗憾的看到，“利永陶工传习所”所作的开创性的紫砂职业教育，离今天并不遥远，惜许多史实很不清晰，如是谁创办的，如在什么时间、什么地点开学的，如传习所的教学经验、成就等等。</font></p>
<p><font size="4">愿有意者为研究“民国初期紫砂史”作出努力。</font></p><br/>
<p><font size="4">2009年8月13日星期四杨世明于《知陶居》</font></p><br/><br/>

面南背北

学习

王点

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